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Re: Crossbows vs. Longbows
Guys, you're getting me wrong, I'm not a crossbow (or longbow) proponent, I was just referring to the Holy Rules of Armor Penetration. My country fielded both in good quantity, and seem to have been satisified by this compromise.
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I think siege units just don't fit into dominions, seeing how huge a part magic has in here. magic *is* in fact the "artillery", as in "artillery support", "artillery spells", etc.
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LingChih! I can't believe either! You fool you :)
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LOL at the CLOTbow fanbois.
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I made a small traditionally crafted flatbow for my son last summer. I was amazed at the power you get out of it, shoots really far. I thought the smaller size would make it fairly harmless, but I had to limit the useage because it got too dangerous. If those are what markata uses I think they're underpowered.
Now I'm working on a fullsized one for myself, really looking forward to trying it out. |
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As for ballistae/artillery units - they are quite possible and I'm including them in my WarHammer project. An art is, of course, a beast.:( But yes, in a base game it's considered there are no light field pieces and heavy ones aren't really transportable - which was the case for most parts of history. |
Re: Crossbows vs. Longbows
Wee! Can't resist keeping this thread alive. (And it was about time to finally post something here after lurking for years)
I've been doing archery as a hobby for while a while so i hope i'm somewhat knowledgeable about the subject. The big problem with using a strong bow is not so much aiming (which works very well) or learning how to use it, but to build up the muscles needed to use it. Despite the claims of many computer and PnP RPGs (whose creators probably never touched a bow in their lives) using a bow repeatedly requires significant muscle mass and enormous stamina. Shooting a 100lb bow is pretty much like lifting 100lb barbells, with one arm, repeatedly. And Under battlefield conditions the proverb was: Accuracy is nice, but go for volume. Shooting ten or more arrows a minute was desirable. But go ahead and try that with a bucket of water and see how often you manage until it feels like your arm falls off. It takes months, or even years of training to build up the kind of stamina needed to keep shooting for more than a very short time. Shooting with a reasonable degree of accuracy can be learned in a few days though. A crossbow on the other hand can be used by anyone, anytime. Another fun fact is that medieval and ancient crossbows (the greeks already used them) reached mostly the same projectile velocity as bows, mostly because that's limited more by the materials available for the arrows & bolts, than by the materials available for the bows & crossbows. A big part of why compound bows can have stronger pull is that they increase acceleration over time, putting less strain on the arrow. Since crossbow bolts are shorter than arrows, they were generally lighter in medieval times, making them overall perform worse. With modern materials crossbows can easily outperform bows, and it can be possible with medieval materials as well, but people didn't have the knowledge of physics back then to design them that way. |
Re: Crossbows vs. Longbows
Dhaeron,
Welcome to the conversation. The primary point of bumping this thread is to remind Lingchih that he can never live down starting it. But I have some rebuttals for you :) Quote:
If I was a peasant forking hay onto wagons I would easily be able to shoot a 100 lb bow. Forking hay onto wagons is an over the head move. Also using a scythe builds massive arm and shoulder muscles. I used to be able to place a 60 lb hay bale onto a wagon above my head using a fork. A fork of hay is not light. Do that all day and you'd find drawing a big bow easy. We all tend to forget that medieval peasants worked all day at hard physical labour. It's unrealistic to compare them to modern couch potatoes. The mongols shot 150lb composite bows from horseback. Quote:
Assuming 100% efficiency the missile when fired will have exactly 159 J of energy since energy is conserved. This does not account for energy lost as heat and sound in the string and bow but will be good enough for our calculation. The kinetic energy of the missile is then mass time velocity squared. I found some modern replica arrow heads online that mass about 2 oz each. Add that to the mass of a 1/4" diameter by 36" long cedar arrow (the material I use) we get a total mass of 0.54 oz. The velocity of the arrow is then 333 ft per second. Let's now try this with a simple goat's foot type crossbow with perhaps a draw of 200 lbs. The draw length of a goat's foot crossbow is about 12 inches. Assuming the same type of force curve we get a input energy of. If the bolt is made of cedar as well with a similar point, it's mass is now 0.27 oz. The bolt velocity is 436 feet per second. So basically, the velocity of a missile fired from any type of bow is a function of the input energy and mass of the missile. There is no direct comparison possible between crossbows and bows. It's all variable. This is also why the material of the bow is irrelevant to the discussion. For what it matters, the bow could be made of adamantium or kevlar. The input energy doesn't change since it comes from the human archer. And a human archer has a very strict limit on the energy available. Crossbows can put potentially more energy into the missile because they over come the limits of human power by mechanical leverage. The trade off is loading time. Of course, someone will argue that the bolt could be made of steel. And it could but then carrying them would be difficult. If we change the bolt shaft to steel the bolts weigh 4 oz each and then 40 bolts would weigh 10 lbs. Pretty heavy but I suppose not impossible. The worst problem is that the velocity drops to 113 feet per second which is so slow that you could simply step out of the way and the ballistics are such that range would deteriorate. Summary It is a standard rule of thermodynamic analysis in energy conversion that finding the output from a certain input you do not require to know anything about the internal workings of the energy conversion machine. A simple efficiency rating (to account for losses) is adequate. In the case of bows, they convert human force and distance into kinetic energy. On this basis, the materials, shape, construction, etc are irrelevant. All that matters is the input energy and the efficiency of conversion. As far as output energy, a crossbow simply does one thing. It increases the energy input by allowing more time for the human to apply the energy. Whether it's simply a goat's foot, windlass or lever action, the job of a crossbow is to mechanically leverage the force of a human. And it takes more time to do so. I can keep going, but let's see if anyone has the knowledge to try to refute my facts. So far, 80% of this discussion is simply annecdotes and opinion. It's very shy on fact. For anyone interested, I can share my calculation pages by irc or here. |
Re: Crossbows vs. Longbows
Well, firstly of course the material matters. That's why noone built bows from stone or ice.
Of course if you are saying when I have a bow made from material x that shoots an arrow weighting y with the speed z and another bow from material q that does exactly the same thing with the same arrow than yes, the material matters not (ignoring all other things that might be important for a soldier like weight or ruggedness), then yeah, but that's a truism. And it is not quite as simple as (energy put in)*(effeciency) = 1/2 (mass of projectile)*(speed of projectile)². You'll have a maximum velocity that you can archieve, as that's the maximum velocity with that the bow snaps back into shape. This is dependent on material and bow shape and weight but bugger me if I can provide a formula. (Still, it's easy enough to verify: you can't throw a table tennis ball faster than a golf ball because your arm is at full speed then already). You'll still put in the same amount of energy into the bow but that isn't imparted on the arrow but on the bow. |
Re: Crossbows vs. Longbows
I can verify that material and construction matters a lot. A flatbow, along with many other types, depends on the dynamic between the elastic surface wood(front of bow) of the tree and the hard corewood(backside of bow). The bigger the difference between core and surface the more efficient the bow will be relative to its draw weight. That is why different kinds of tree are more or less suitable.
The bow is consequently built by first splitting the tree in four quarters and then you pick the one without branches or other defects. You work out the bow from the "back" leaving the elastic surface intact and carve away enough of the hard wood to get your preferred draw weight. Laminated bows follow the same principle, but are built with materials of varying hardness/elasticity instead which are then glued or wired together. You can elevate the effectiveness of your wooden bow by applying a string of elastic material along the front and some hard material on the back. The vikings of Iceland used sinews and bone for example. |
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Or in other words:
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As the old physics joke goes: "First, assume a spherical cow..." |
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This all started with, to paraphrase, crossbows are stronger than longbows. This is an irrelevant argument. Given enough time, a human being can load a 1000 lb draw crossbow if he wants to. And the material discussion keeps distracting for the key energy requirement. In no way can a human fired bow store more energy than the human can put into it. Quote:
Another point I wish to address again is the fallacy that wood, bone, sinew, and horn are not good materials. They are brilliant materials and are still used in serious engineering work for the simple reason that they do certain jobs better than any modern materials. A wonderful example is the mosquito bombers made in England of plywood and glued with cassein. As an engineer I am intimately familiar with the tendency of engineers to limit themselves for manufactured materials. It's a terrible shame because many natural materials have superb properties nearly impossible to duplicate with man made materials. Fantomen: I completely agree and I think you will note that I mention in passing composite bows used by Mongols. I am familiar with the use of high tensile strength elastic materials on the front of the bow and high compressive strengths on the backside. But going back, this discussion has been about the relative penetration abilities of longbows vs. crossbows. I have previously provided references respecting the engineering properties of medieval materials and they compare quite favourably to modern materials. In general, the most important difference is in manufacturing cost. A steel bow can be built for a few dollars today. A hand made sinew, yew wood, and horn composite bow is extremely pricey. I can build a reasonably effective crossbow prod from a used car leaf spring in about 2 hours for $5 from the auto wrecker. It would take me days or weeks to build the same quality prod of sinew, wood, and horn. And that assumes I have the skill which I don't. But this is a modern view. In the medieval period, quality steel was hand made from wootz ingots folded numerous times to ensure the perfect carbon iron ratios, quenched, tempered and then ground. A bow could be built by a peasant artisan from materials scrounged from the yard. TheJeff: Of course the efficiency of a bow or crossbow is not 100%. The point that I think you missed is that the resulting velocity of the missile when comparing a bow and crossbow is a function of the input energy and the mass of the missile. I can repeat the analysis at 50% efficiency or 80%. But the general implications are the same. Short draw requires more pull to get the same energy in the missile. Lighter missiles will go faster (and of course I accept that there are fixed velocity limits). And for you three debaters and all the rest: I challenge you to put the same effort to do the calculations that I did. I realize that I have written a wordy response. Let me summarize again. 1) The energy put into a bolt or arrow will never be more than the energy put into the bow by the human archer. And this is fixed by physical limitations of human beings. 2) A crossbow can store more energy because mechanical leverage allows the human to spend more time putting more total energy into it. 3) The trade off is speed of loading versus missile energy. To get more energy into a missile you require a way to store energy in more compact forms. The most practical example of this is gunpowder. |
Re: Crossbows vs. Longbows
It should probably be noted that longbows tend to be fired indirectly, that is, with a high arc, and that the force behind a strike comes from gravity. Now, while the height an archer can put an arrow at is dictated by the energy released firing the bow, he can cheat additional striking power by occupying higher ground (and thus causing the arrow to fall farther than he sent it up).
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Re: Crossbows vs. Longbows
You can do that with crossbows as well, but really, eventually the slower loading time just makes it pointless, though a lower, slighter arc is often pretty good just because of some angles you can get better with it. That said, slings get even nastier at higher angles. Comparable firing rates to a bow, but sling bullets are pretty heavy, and rather difficult to remove from people once they get hit by them.
The issue with a bow is that it is ultimately limited by how hard you can pull. Which can get ridiculous, but a crossbow can always go above that. Again I draw an analogy to a sling, what matters there is how fast you can get it, and there are ways to change that (sling length, wind resistance, etc.). |
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Knai,
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Squirrelloid: Quote:
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(Not to comment on the discourse.. it was pretty good so far as that went). But the facts are that in medieval ages, in england for example, yeoman were required to spend a day a week in archery training. EVERY yeoman, unless they arranged exceptions. And this was to increase accuracy, and stamina. Up until the 14th century, and probably well into the 14th century velocities and penetration were almost identical. This wasn't theoretical - the british did penetration tests, both vs oak planks and plate mail. British quartermaster records go back that far - sadly, I don't recall the name. Finally, english steel was notoriously poor quality, due to the poor quality ores. HIgh quality steel was done on the north coast of spain (bilbao area), toledo, and damascus. |
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But Chris,
You aren't being suckered by the rhetoric are you? You understand my point that whatever the material the energy input is a human being. And I totally agree with you on the training of Yeomen. It's pretty famous. Which goes back to the original debate. Longbows were getting the shaft as far as I'm concerned. They are incredible weapons but do need training. But of course if you want to submit fact you will be required to find those references :) I promise to read them. And really, you can't say this Quote:
I'd love to see those penetration tests. I did some digging but best I could find were British naval round tests. Not irrelevant but the energies involved are orders of magnitude higher. |
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There are a few exceptions to lead bullets other than the Incans. Another is the Apache, who used obsidian in some cases, despite low weight. However, it was used differently, obsidian is rather brittle, and if an obsidian sling bullet shatters near you, it is going to cause some injury, not to mention being bad for morale. Though heavy armor helps hugely at this point. As for removal difficulty, there are two main factors. The first is the difficulty inherent in removing an object that has fully penetrated. All of the sling bullet is inside the struck target, whereas an arrow is only partially inside someone shot. Furthermore, sling bullets were round, egg shaped, or shaped roughly like an American foot ball. If you can't get around to the back of objects shaped like any of these, you can't get a good grip on them easily, which means either stuffing your hand in an injury, pushing tissue out of the way, and pulling it out (which will lead to infection), or specialized tools (which probably still will lead to infection in earlier eras, but at least won't cause further immediate damage.) The Romans actually eventually developed some specialized prongs, which could still prove problematic. Note that an arrow or crossbow bolt, as a cylindrical pointed object, is much easier to remove, though it obviously has to be done carefully. |
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Military arrow heads are made so that you cannot pull it back out of the wound without significant tearing. The best solution is to push it through (after cutting the shaft down), but this isn't always survivable.
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I was under the impression that arrowheads are removed by digging it and any flesh attached to it out with a knife.
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Often that is the method. Either way though, you need to be able to get a grip on the head, and carefully remove it, and the equipment required is much less specialized, either a knife or pushing. Its not easy by any means, but the ability to grip makes it far easier.
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Well they're all going to die from secondary infection anyway,.. so,.. what's the difference again? :]
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"Needle" heads designed for punching through armor never head additional spikes as these would interfere with penetration. The same goes for crossbow heads. Of course, even straignt arrowhead could warp after striking armor or bone and muscles around wound could contract, so pulling arrow back could become difficult. As for the best solution, that was the "Dioclos' spoon" - a specially designed tool pushed into the wound channel to catch an arrowhead and pull it back. Of course, it required a trained surgeon to use - but pushing arrow through needed one, too - to avoid major bloodvessels, for example. :) |
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The energy put into the bow ( - losses) doesn't equal the energy of the arrow but the energy of the arrow and all the moving bowparts at the moment of launch. I can't calculate how a bow would actually behave but for a simple balista with rigid arms and torsion springs in the middle this should come to E(bow) / E(arrow) = mass(bow) / 16 * mass(arrow) With E(arrow) = (1/2) * mass(arrow) * speed²(arrow) So speed²(arrow) = 2 * E(input) / (mass(bow)/8 + mass(arrow)) So if the bow weights 8 times as much as the arrow the catapult has only an efficiency of 50% (and that's not even counting entropy) a catapult which weights 24 times as much only 25%. (While every real bowshape should be more energy efficient this still applies with different factors) Now, so making the bow heavier (or changing its shape) makes it less efficient, why would we do so anyway? For one thing because we want additional draw weight. And that makes two factors that limit the crossbows we can build. It's undoubtedly true that the crossbowman can put a lot more energy into the crossbow, but the question is could the medieval people build crossbows that could handle that extra energy while putting enough of it into the bolt to make a difference. |
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The in game deviation way exceeds anything reasonable. As a rule of thumb I'd estimate left right deviaition to be no more than 5% of the distance, with an expert marksmen. In game turns, I might say 5% * (5-Experience). As I said, I dont' recall the name of the book, but a simple google of medievel arrow penetration yields a few links http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/longbow.htm Which notes that an arrow could penetrate 4" of solid oak. At 200 meters, it penetrated 1", at 100 meters it could penetrate plate armor. the following site http://www.thebeckoning.com/medieval...oss_l_v_c.html has excellent statistics that the muzzle velocities of the crossbows and the arrows were very similiar. 133 vs 138 fps. He claims that the 'most powerful' crossbows could penetrate plate at 200 meters. He notes that the efficiency of the crossbow was nowhere near that of the longbow, as the tips of the lathes did not have sufficient time to move. By the late medieval period (15th century) crossbows had exceeded longbows in penetration power. |
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Still, I think I'm understanding more of the situation here. The crossbowmen were unskilled. Skilled crossbowmen worked in teams of three with two loaders and a shooter with 3 crossbows and a couple shields that make a wall, but those were mercenaries. Essentially all the longbowmen were a type of mercenary as well. These were all skilled units. The crossbowmen were handed a weapon and sent out.
At various times its been pointed out the someone has to load the force into the weapon. While for 1 shot this is not a big deal for either, after 10 minutes it's a huge deal for the conscripts, even if the crossbow is easy to shoot, even if they aren't expected to shoot that fast... yes, even with the mechanical advantage, you'll still need to pull the string back, and the crossbow took a lot more 'work' (scientific definition) from a lot less skilled soldier. The team of three avoids all this trouble, but, still, wouldn't you rather have 3 longbowmen? Ah, yes, a good general would find good locations for both. |
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Hmm, decent analysis BigDaddy.
Fatigue comes in to play. |
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And another thing - crossbow contained an inherent factor of accuracy problem: a joining of bow to stock (forgot a proper name of it). In many museum pieces they are simply lashed together! This was another reason why professionals often preferred a longbow. |
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usually each knight had an accompaniement of foot soldiers and men at arms he was required to provide.
Typically only nobles were nights with commoners, freemen as longbowmen, men at arms etc. Medievel lords were required to provide specified numbers of men at arms and there were equivalencies.. so one knight was equal to five men at arms etc. |
Re: Crossbows vs. Longbows
I didn't realize how controversial crossbow vs. longbow was. It seems that this is a controversial topic in modern times as to what to allow people to hunt with. I had thought it was obviously a decent hunting device at least for rifle season. I do think it is much easier to use than a regular or compound bow, and really similar in usage to a gun. Nonetheless, if you see it from the game management side of things, you could just determine crossbow hunting season in a way that help manage deer populations on the margin. Bow hunters see this as horning in on their territory, but if I see it from a conservation aspect, I'm looking to make hunting as open as possible when I need deer harvested safely, and effectively.
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Re: Crossbows vs. Longbows
Wow. 283 replies. This is an interesting forum. Some of these threads are really huge. Do you folks really have that much to say about this game?
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Re: Crossbows vs. Longbows
It is a deep game with a lot of different opinions on how things are used (weapons, spells, etc). Remember that different nations have different capabilities and attributes....So what might work for one nation doesn't work for another.
Once you start reading some of the threads you will see that you can glean what you need to know about a certain question and then go back to it for a different question on the same subject. I have been playing 2 years and some of these guys still amaze me with the amount of knowledge they have. Just read the wiki, the manual and the walk thru that people have written as well as ask questions, and you will start picking it up quickly. |
Re: Crossbows vs. Longbows
But this thread seems to be about real bows. I read some of it but it's crazy long and bizarre.
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There is the occasional temptation to go off on long tangents. Really long tangents.
And then come back a year later and raise the thread from the dead. It happens. |
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Ahh! God no! It's been resurrected again!@
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did we ever settle the debate on the value of bagpipes?
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What do bagpipes have to do with this thread?
Does anyone else think midget sized crossbows like those on the hoburgs should be weaker? Seems to me a 3 foot tall hoburg would be incredibly challenged to shoot a full size crossbow. Maybe they use their feat? |
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You mean this thread?
http://forum.shrapnelgames.com/showt...light=bagpipes That thread made me laugh. Pretty good job of making fun of this thread. I guess I should keep that in mind when getting particular about game or historical detail. |
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And on the subject of hoburg x-bows, I'd just make them same damage, but slower to reload. Someday I am going to read this entire thread. Surely. :D |
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It seems to me a crossbow is like Viagra. It lets an old bugger go on a little longer.
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I don't think we have properly expounded on the actual arrowhead used. That alone could make quite a difference. A nice, aerodynamical head, or a killing head? Stone, bronze, or iron? Explosive, flaming, or conventional?
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Re: Crossbows vs. Longbows
Arrowheads with spinning drillbits?
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