They are listed in Components.txt under Weapon Damage Type in the header. They are all self-explanatory (they do precisely what their names are), so writing a section explaining them in the modding tutorial wouldn't be very productive.
The only ones to watch out for are the few specific comp damage type abilities that do not skip shields (Only Engines, Only Boarding Parties, Only Security Stations), and then these two: Increase Reload Time, Disrupt Reload Time. Increase Reload Time does not work on ships with Master Computers (it is for a Psychic weapon), whereas Disrupt Reload Time does (it is for a Crystalline weapon).
[ April 17, 2003, 05:48: Message edited by: Imperator Fyron ]