[dmm]

Yes, there was just such an episode.

Relevant episodes from the classic ST:

"A Piece of the Action" -- the one with the gangsters. They were quick studies in imitating the Feds.

title unknown -- the Klingons are giving tech to the townspeople who then begin to prey on Kirk's hillpeople friends.

title unknown -- the Klingons and UFP are fighting over this planet full of primitive pacifists, who turn out to be extremely advanced.

"Spock's Brain" -- the givers of pain and delight (the women) live inside the planet while the men live outside. They are descendants of a super-advanced race, but don't understand the tech at all.

How many relevant episodes can YOU think of?