[Alneyan]

*Rushes to beat the three other posters to it* There is no to-hit penalty for ships without bridges/crew quarters/life supports. Instead, you will have a penalty to your speed if you do not have one of these three components, or the Master Computer (-25% if you have no Crew Quarter/Life Support, and -50% if you have no Bridge, if memory serves). You do not need a Master Computer to put as many Crew Quarters/Life Support components as you wish however.

And once your ship has lost its vehicle control components, I wouldn't expect it to survive for long. The Auxiliary Control helps reducing the speed penalty, if you feel inclined to go with this sort of design.