At least Nature and Air domes stop all incoming ritual spells, including your own (unless your spell destroys your own dome). Tested in MP. Several times.
I've finally stopped trying to teleport into a province with a dome up. It's not just teleport, it's all rituals cast from a province outside the domed province, targeting the domed province (it doesn't matter if it's your domed province or not).
Domes do not stop a 'Returning' from in a battle. That will always bring your unit into your home province even if there is a dome up there.