[PvK]

Yes. The type of components on a ship can have a large effect on the ship's capacity to withstand damage. With many armor components, a ship will soak up much more than a ship of the same size without armor. This is even more true in a mod like Proportions, which has even stronger ship armor components - there gets to be a real trade-off between ships with more active but fragile and/or expensive components, and ships with more durable and/or cheap armor components.

In the standard game, the difference is still there but the effect isn't as great because armor tends not to be particularly strong compared to functional components, and is generally weaker than shields unless your opponent has shield-bypassing weapons.

PvK