[dogscoff]

1- Once a colony component is used, the ship is gone, no matter what components it has on board. This can't be modded, either.

2- resupply (solar) takes no notice of the number of planets in the system, it only counts stars, so no stars= no resupply. If you were to have a planet with a resupply depot in a starless system, that would still generate supplies fine. I'm not sure that's possible though. (except maybe on a manually editted map) See answer 4.

3- Planets are created from asteroids at a rate of one asteroid field per planet. Most of the time this means one planet per sector, but it is possible to have more than one asteroid field in a sector. In other words, those systems you see with a ring of asteroids around the star- they produce a ring of planets. The planet will have the same size and min/org/rad values as the asteroid field had.

4- I don't think you can create a planet in a system which doesn't have a star. Not 100% sure about this, though.

5- Yes, you can create new stars (and destroy old ones=-). Keep researching stellar manipulation to get the component. Note that there is a limit of one "artificial" star per system. Ringworlds and sphereworlds don't count as stars for most purposes though, so I suppose you could create a star, convert it to a ringworld, create another
star next to it, convert it...
Maybe. Has anyone ever tried this?