The Growth Scale

[Fate]

FYI, the numbers you have for growth are compounded continuously (Dominions *should* compound on a per-turn basis, I believe). I ran up the numbers on a spread sheet (non-continuous and with 11 months in the first year) and here they are (a little less dramatic):
+Growth or -Death

      |  3   |  2   |  1   |  -1  |  -2  |  -3 |
Spring|30000 |30000 |30000 |30000 |30000 |30000|
Year 1|32036 |31340 |30662 |29342 |28700 |28075|
Year 2|34415 |32870 |31400 |28640 |27347 |26113|
Year 3|36970 |34478 |32156 |27953 |26057 |24288|
Year 4|39715 |36164 |32930 |27284 |24828 |22590|
Year 5|42664 |37932 |33723 |26630 |23656 |21011|

The point is still the same, double population after 5 years.

Now, as for Patrol & tax. According to the manual (which seems to be accurate here) every 3% above 100 results in -0.01% population directly. Every 5% results in 1 point of unrest. Each point of unrest eliminated by patrolling kills 10 population. So we get:

-0.01% per 3%
AND
-10(flat) per 5%

So at 110:
-0.03% (or -0.04%?) and another -20

At 120:
-0.06% (or -0.07%?) and another -40

At 130:
-0.1% and another -60

As is clear from this, only 110 can be sustained indefinitely at growth 3 (and, in my tests, still results in a small growth!). 120 seems to result in a slow decline, and 130 is a little faster decline (about -0.4% or less).

Disregarding the unrest (which has less effect the larger the province), here is the comparative total income in a province with 30000 population, full growth and no other scales, with the various tax rates (assuming adequate patrolling but discounting the cost):

100  |110  |120  |130  |
3937 |4261 |4572 |4847 |

So, depending on how cheaply an "adequate patrol" can be obtained (otherwise the ramping unrest will quickly kill your profits), any of these may be useful. Of course, Order would help with all of this, but it would help in an equal percentage so I think it is a moot point.

As an interesting side note, Temp3 (either will do), Order3, Growth 3 yield interesting results here:

-5% overall supply, +0.6% population, and +12% tax income. Combined with 110 (123.2% total) or 120 (134.4% total) and cheap patrolling the results can exceed order3.